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The English Literature



English Literature :

The Critical Realistic Priod


1.      Social Background
Critical Realistic Period or Victorian literature is the literature produced during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901) and corresponds to the Victorian era. It forms a link and transition between the writers of the romantic period and the very different literature of the 20th century. The 19th century was characterized by sharp contradictions. It is an age of progress: railways and ships were built, great scientific discoveries were made, education became more widespread; but al the same time it was an age of profound social unrest, because there was too much poverty, too much injustice. The slaves had been freed in 1833; but in the middle of the century England awoke to the fact that slaves are not necessarily negroes, stolen in Africa to be sold like cattle in the market place, but that multitudes of men, women, and little children in the mines and factories were victims of a more terrible industrial and social slavery. To free these slaves also, the unwilling victims of our unnatural competitive methods, has been the growing purpose of the Victorian Age until the present day.The growth aielaamvpshawolexotic.blogspot.com/of scientific inventions mechanized industry and increased wealth, but this progress only enriched the few at the expense of the many. Like Dirty factories, long hours of work, child labour, exploitation, low wages, slums and frequent unemployment -these were the conditions of life for the workers in the growing industries of England, which became the richest country in the world towards the middle of the 19th century.England had become a classical capitalist country, a country of industrial capitalism. The population of Manchester, Birmingham and other industrial centres was growing rapidly as the number of factory workers increased, while the number of poor farmers decreased and many rural districts were depopulated. The basic social classes in England were no longer the peasants and the landlords but the proletariat and the bourgeoisie.
Having won the victory over aristocracy, the bourgeoisie betrayed the interests of the working class. The workers fought for their rights. Their political demands were expressed in the People's Charier in 1833. The Chartis Movement was a revolutionary movement of the English workers, which lasted till 1848.
The  Chartists introduced their own literature, which was the first attempt to create a literature of the working class. The Chartist writers tried their hand at different genres. They wrote articles, short stories, songs, epigrams, poems. Their leading genre was poetry. The ideas of the Chartism attracted aielaamvpshawolexotic.blogspot.comthe attention of many progressive-minded people of that time. A lot of prominent writers became aware of the social injustices around them and tried to depict them in their works.
2.      Literature Style
Victorian era is a link and transition between the writers of the romantic period and the very different literature of the 20th century.Influenced as they were by the large sprawling novels of sensibility of the preceding age they tended to be idealized portraits of difficult lives in which hard work, perseverance, love and luck win out in the end; virtue would be rewarded and wrong-doers are suitably punished. They tended to be of an improving nature with a central moral lesson at heart, informing the reader how to be a good Victorian. This formula was the basis for much of earlier Victorian fiction but as the century progressed the plot thickened. Some auhtor tell a plight of the poor and oppressed, barbed satirical and also depict situations of a more middle class.
The Victorians are sometimes credited with 'inventing childhood', partly via their efforts to stop child labour and the introduction of compulsory education. As children began to be able to read, literature for young people became a growth industry, with not only established writers producing works for children (such as Dickens' A Child's History of England) but also a new group of dedicated children's authors.

3.      Famous Author
      Charles Dickens was a representative of critical realism. He saw the evils of bourgeois society of his time and his immortal works became an accusation of the bourgeois system as a whole. Charles Dickens http://aielaamvpshawolexotic.blogspot.com/arguably exemplifies the Victorian novelist better than any other writer. Extraordinarily popular in his day with his characters taking on a life of their own beyond the page, Dickens is still the most popular and read author of the time. His first real novel, The Pickwick Papers, written at only twenty-five, was an overnight success, and all his subsequent works sold extremely well. He was in effect a self-made man who worked diligently and prolifically to produce exactly what the public wanted; often reacting to the public taste and changing the plot direction of his stories between monthly numbers. The comedy of his first novel has a satirical edge which pervades his writings. These deal with the plight of the poor and oppressed and end with a ghost story cut short by his death. The slow trend in his fiction towards darker themes is mirrored in much of the writing of the century, and literature after his death in 1870 is notably different from that at the start of the era. He portrayed people of all types seen in the streets of great cities in his time. While reading, we meet commercial agents parliamentarians, political adventurers, scoundrels of all sorts, lawyers, clerks, newspaper reporters, schoolmasters, factory workers, homeless children, priggish aristocrats, pickpockets and convicts. Dickens developed in his readers a love for man; he never lost his warmth and sympathy for this man. This impresses readers and they follow the writer in his pilgrimage along the roads of England. He described offices, factories, prisons and the slums of London. Among many Charles’s creative work are : "The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club" (1837), "The Christmas Books" (1843-48), "Hard Times" (1854) and "Our Mutual Friend" (1864-65). Those works are written in the spirit of disillusionment. The writer feels that a better future is too far off and he only dreams of that future. His heroes show the moral strength and patience of the common people.
      William Thackeray was Dickens' great rival at the time. With a similar style but a slightly more detached, acerbic and barbed satirical view of his characters, he also tended to depict situations of a more middle class flavour than Dickens. He is best known for his novel Vanity Fair, subtitled A Novel without a Hero, which is also an example of a form popular in Victorian literature: the historical novel, in which very recent history is depicted.
      Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855), an English novelist of the 19th century, was a contemporary of Dickens and Thackeray. She was the daughter of a poor curate. Her mother died when Charlotte was four years old, leaving 5 daughters and a son. It appeared under the title of "Poems by Currer, Allis and Acton Bell" (the pen-names of Charlotte, Emily and Ann Bronte). The poems are remarkable for the nobility of feeling and style. All the sisters lived in a world created by their own imagination. In 1848 her brother and two sisters died one after another and she alone of the six children survived. In spite of her grief she went on writing and produced two more novels. Her last work "Emma" was published after her death. The novel "Jane Eyre" is a social novel. The writer exposes the vices of cruel, hypocritic bourgeois- aristocratic society, besides Charlotte Bronte raises the problems of education. The pictures of life at a charity school are among the best realistic descriptions in English literature. She also demands that women should possess equal rights with men in family life. The novel is partly autobiographical; the author describes the green years of her life.

4.      Characteristic of literature
The writers tried their hand at different genres. They wrote articles, short stories, songs, epigrams, poems. Their leading genre was poetry.The ideas of the Chartism attracted the attention of many progressive-minded people of that time. A lot of prominent writers became aware of the social injustices around them and tried to depict them in their works.
How to explain the violence of writing, the passion, the supernatural, high emotions and emotional distance, an unusual mix for any of their work but especially at this time. This is a prime example of Gothic Romanticism from the point of view of women during this time period, check the class, myth, and gender. Such important writers of the period was George Eliot, a pseudonym which concealed a woman, Mary Ann Evans, who wants to write a novel that would be taken seriously rather than romance that women of the time were supposed to write. The Victoria is sometimes credited with "creating childhood ', partly through their efforts to stop child labor and the introduction of compulsory education.
5.      The Literature Influence
The 19th century saw the novel become the leading form of literature in English. The works by pre-Victorian writers such as Jane Austen and Walter Scott had perfected both closely-observed social satire and adventure stories. Popular works opened a market for the novel amongst a reading public.
In a society that is full of oppression, the authors appear to literary works which tells the plight of the poor and oppressed. With the advent of Chartist movement is the revolutionary movement of the working class England, which lasted until 1848 .Making literature is one way to tell the world of cruelty, oppression experienced by the lower classes. The authors were aware of the social injustice they receive. With their genre different in writing articles, short stories, songs, epigrams, poems. The age is the greatest novelist Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, Charlotte Bronte, Elizabeth Gaskell.
These writers use the novel as a means to protest crime in contemporary social and economic life and to imagine the world in a realistic way. Their greatness also lies in the deep humanism. Their sympathy lies in ordinary people. They believe in the good quality of the human heart.

6.      Culture Reflection and Comparisson
In the field of culture, there is a transition from the era of George headed rationalism romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion, social values​​, and art. The transition between the artistic cultures of the Georgian and Victorian eras, from ‘neoclassicism’ to ‘romanticism’. This was observable to some degree in all western cultures during the first half of the 19th century. There seems to have been a point at which rationality and order could go no further.
Another area for cultural consideration is fashion: a seemingly trivial matter, but ever indicative of societal change. The distinctive features of 18th-century male clothing had been superseded well before the Victorian Era: the wig disappeared around the turn of the century, the top hat supplanted the tricorn, and trousers, once the preserve of revolutionary artisans, replaced knee-breeches, giving a more masculine appearance. Female clothing changed drastically around the same time: dresses were no longer large and elaborate, but were simple and light in imitation of Grecian models. James Laver notes that ‘perhaps at no period between primitive times and the 1920s had women worn so little as they wore in the early years of the nineteenth century’.



Sejarah Sastra :
Kritis Realistis Priod
·         Sosial Latar Belakang
Kritis Realistis Periode atau sastra Victoria adalah sastra yang dihasilkan selama masa pemerintahan Ratu Victoria (1837-1901) dan sesuai dengan era Victoria. Ini membentuk link dan transisi antara para penulis masa romantis dan literatur yang sangat berbeda dari abad ke-20. Abad ke-19 ditandai oleh kontradiksi yang tajam. Ini adalah usia kemajuan: kereta api dan kapal dibangun, penemuan ilmiah yang besar dibuat, pendidikan menjadi lebih luas, tetapi  saat yang sama itu adalah masa kerusuhan sosial yang mendalam, karena ada terlalu banyak kemiskinan, terlalu banyak ketidakadilan. Para budak telah dibebaskan pada tahun 1833, tetapi di tengah-tengah abad Inggris terbangun dengan fakta bahwa budak tidak selalu negro, dicuri di Afrika untuk dijual seperti ternak di pasar, tetapi banyak sekali laki-laki, perempuan, dan sedikit anak-anak di tambang dan pabrik menjadi korban dari perbudakan industri dan sosial yang lebih mengerikan. Untuk membebaskan budak ini juga, korban tidak mau metode kami tidak wajar kompetitif, telah menjadi tujuan tumbuh dari Victorian Age sampai pertumbuhan day. The hadir penemuan ilmiah industri mekanik dan peningkatan kekayaan, namun kemajuan ini hanya memperkaya beberapa dengan mengorbankan dari sekian banyak. Seperti pabrik kotor, jam kerja yang panjang, pekerja anak, eksploitasi, upah yang rendah, kumuh dan sering pengangguran-ini adalah kondisi kehidupan bagi para pekerja aielaamvpshawolexotic.blogspot.com/di industri yang tumbuh dari Inggris, yang menjadi negara terkaya di dunia ke tengah yang century.England ke-19 telah menjadi negara kapitalis klasik, negara kapitalisme industri. Populasi Manchester, Birmingham dan pusat-pusat industri lainnya tumbuh pesat karena jumlah pekerja pabrik meningkat, sedangkan jumlah petani miskin menurun dan banyak wilayah pedesaan yang berpenghuni. Kelas-kelas sosial dasar di Inggris tidak lagi para petani dan tuan tanah tapi proletariat dan borjuasi.
Setelah meraih kemenangan atas aristokrasi, kaum borjuis mengkhianati kepentingan kelas pekerja. Para pekerja berjuang untuk hak-hak mereka. Tuntutan politik mereka dinyatakan dalam Charier Rakyat pada tahun 1833. Gerakan Chartis adalah gerakan revolusioner kaum buruh Inggris, yang berlangsung sampai tahun 1848. The Chartis memperkenalkan literatur mereka sendiri, yang merupakan upaya pertama untuk membuat literatur dari kelas pekerja. Para penulis Chartist mencoba tangan mereka di genre yang berbeda. Mereka menulis artikel, cerita pendek, lagu, epigrams, puisi. Genre terkemuka mereka adalah puisi.
Ide-ide dari Chartisme menarik perhatian banyak orang berpikiran progresif dari waktu itu. Banyak penulis terkemuka menjadi sadar akan ketidakadilan sosial di sekitar mereka dan mencoba untuk menggambarkan mereka dalam karya-karya mereka.
·         Gaya Sastra
Era Victoria adalah link dan transisi antara para penulis dari periode romantis dan sastra yang sangat berbeda dari ke-20 century. Sangat berpengaruh karena mereka oleh novel luas besar kepekaan usia sebelumnya mereka cenderung ideal potret kehidupan yang sulit di mana kerja keras, ketekunan, cinta dan keberuntungan menang pada akhirnya, kebajikan akan dihargai dan-orang yang lalim yang sesuai dihukum. Mereka cenderung bersifat membaik dengan pelajaran moral sentral di jantung, menginformasikan pembaca bagaimana menjadi baik Victoria. Formula ini adalah dasar bagi banyak fiksi Victorian sebelumnya tetapi sebagai abad berkembang plot mengental. Beberapa auhtor menceritakan penderitaan orang miskin dan tertindas, berduri satir dan juga menggambarkan situasi kelas yang lebih menengah.
The Victoria kadang-kadang dikreditkan dengan 'menciptakan masa kanak-kanak', sebagian melalui upaya mereka untuk menghentikan pekerja anak dan pengenalan wajib belajar. Sebagai anak-anak mulai bisa membaca, sastra bagi kaum muda menjadi industri pertumbuhan, dengan tidak hanya penulis mapan menghasilkan karya untuk anak-anak (seperti Dickens 'History Seorang Anak Inggris), tetapi juga kelompok baru dari penulis didedikasikan anak.
·         Penulis Terkenal
1. Charles Dickens adalah wakil dari realisme kritis. Dia melihat kejahatan masyarakat borjuis waktunya dan karya abadi nya menjadi tuduhan dari sistem borjuis secara keseluruhan. Charles Dickens dibilang mencontohkan novelis Victoria lebih baik daripada penulis lainnya. Luar biasa populer di zamannya dengan tokoh-tokohnya mengambil kehidupan mereka sendiri di luar halaman, Dickens masih yang paling populer dan membaca penulis waktu. Novelnya nyata pertama, The Pickwick Papers, ditulis di hanya dua puluh lima, adalah sukses dalam semalam, dan semua hasil karya berikutnya nya dijual sangat baik. Dia pada dasarnya seorang self-made yang bekerja dengan tekun dan subur untuk menghasilkan apa yang masyarakat inginkan; sering bereaksi terhadap selera publik dan mengubah arah plot cerita antara angka bulanan. Komedi novel pertamanya memiliki tepi satir yang melingkupi tulisan-tulisannya. Kesepakatan ini dengan penderitaan orang miskin dan tertindas dan diakhiri dengan cerita hantu dipotong pendek oleh kematiannya. Lambatnya tren dalam fiksi ke arah tema gelap tercermin dalam banyak tulisan abad, dan sastra setelah kematiannya pada tahun 1870 terutama berbeda dari yang pada awal era tersebut. Dia digambarkan orang-orang dari semua jenis terlihat di jalanan kota-kota besar di masanya. Saat membaca, kita bertemu agen parlemen komersial, petualang politik, bajingan segala macam, pengacara, panitera, wartawan surat kabar, kepala sekolah, pekerja pabrik, anak-anak tunawisma, bangsawan angkuh, pencopet dan narapidana. Dickens dikembangkan dalam pembacanya cinta untuk laki-laki, ia tidak pernah kehilangan kehangatan dan simpatinya untuk orang ini. Hal ini mengesankan pembaca dan mereka mengikuti penulis dalam aielaamvpshawolexotic.blogspot.com/berziarah sepanjang jalan dari Inggris. Dia menggambarkan kantor, pabrik, penjara dan daerah kumuh di London. Di antara karya kreatif banyak Charles adalah: "The Papers Anumerta dari Pickwick klub" (1837), "The Books Natal" (1843-1848), "Hard Times" (1854) dan "Our Mutual Friend" (1864-1865). Karya-karya yang ditulis dalam semangat kekecewaan. Penulis merasa bahwa masa depan yang lebih baik adalah terlalu jauh dan ia hanya mimpi masa depan itu. Pahlawan menunjukkan kekuatan moral dan kesabaran rakyat biasa.
2. William Thackeray adalah Dickens 'saingan besar pada saat itu. Dengan gaya yang sama, namun pandangan satir sedikit lebih terpisah, masam dan berduri karakter, ia juga cenderung untuk menggambarkan situasi rasa kelas menengah lebih dari Dickens. Dia terkenal karena novelnya Vanity Fair, subtitle A Novel tanpa pahlawan, yang juga merupakan contoh bentuk populer dalam literatur Victoria: novel sejarah, di mana sejarah yang sangat baru-baru ini digambarkan.
3. Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855), seorang novelis Inggris abad ke-19, adalah kontemporer Dickens dan Thackeray. Dia adalah putri seorang pendeta miskin. Ibunya meninggal ketika Charlotte berusia empat tahun, meninggalkan 5 anak perempuan dan anak laki-laki. Ternyata di bawah judul "Puisi by Currer, Allis dan Acton Bell" (pena-nama Charlotte, Emily Ann dan Bronte). Puisi yang luar biasa untuk bangsawan perasaan dan gaya. Semua saudara hidup dalam dunia yang diciptakan oleh imajinasi mereka sendiri. Pada tahun 1848 kakaknya dan dua saudara perempuan meninggal satu demi satu dan dia sendiri dari enam anak selamat. Meskipun kesedihannya ia terus menulis dan menghasilkan dua novel lagi. Karya terakhirnya "Emma" diterbitkan setelah kematiannya. Novel "Jane Eyre" adalah sebuah novel sosial. Penulis memaparkan kejahatan kejam, masyarakat borjuis-aristokrat hypocritic, selain Charlotte Bronte menimbulkan masalah pendidikan. Gambar-gambar kehidupan di sebuah sekolah amal adalah salah satu deskripsi realistis terbaik dalam sastra Inggris. Dia juga menuntut bahwa perempuan harus memiliki hak yang sama dengan laki-laki dalam kehidupan keluarga. Novel ini sebagian otobiografi, penulis menjelaskan tahun hijau hidupnya.
·         Karakteristic  dari sastra
Para penulis mencoba tangan mereka di genre yang berbeda . Mereka menulis artikel , cerita pendek , lagu , epigrams , puisi . Genre terkemuka mereka adalah puisi .Ide-ide dari Chartisme menarik perhatian banyak orang berpikiran progresif dari waktu itu . Banyak penulis terkemuka menjadi sadar akan ketidakadilan sosial di sekitar mereka dan mencoba untuk menggambarkan mereka dalam karya-karya mereka .Bagaimana menjelaskan kekerasan penulisan , gairah , supranatural , emosi tinggi dan jarak emosional , campuran yang tidak biasa untuk setiap pekerjaan mereka tetapi terutama pada saat ini . Ini adalah contoh utama dari Gothic Romantisisme dari sudut pandang perempuan selama periode ini , periksa kelas , mitos , dan gender. Penulis penting seperti periode adalah George Eliot , nama samaran yang tersembunyi seorang wanita , Mary Ann Evans , yang ingin menulis sebuah novel yang akan dianggap serius daripada romansa bahwa perempuan dari waktu yang seharusnya untuk menulis . The Victoria kadang-kadang dikreditkan dengan " menciptakan masa kanak-kanak ' , sebagian melalui upaya mereka untuk menghentikan pekerja anak dan pengenalan wajib belajar .
·         Pengaruh sastra
Abad ke-19 melihat novel menjadi bentuk utama sastra dalam bahasa Inggris. Karya-karya para penulis pra-Victoria seperti Jane Austen dan Walter Scott telah disempurnakan baik satir sosial dan petualangan cerita-erat diamati. Karya populer membuka pasar untuk novel di antara masyarakat pembaca. Dalam masyarakat yang penuh penindasan, penulis tampaknya karya sastra yang menceritakan penderitaan orang miskin dan tertindas. Dengan munculnya gerakan Chartist adalah gerakan revolusioner dari kelas pekerja Inggris, yang berlangsung sampai 1848. Pembuatan sastra adalah salah satu cara untuk memberitahu dunia kekejaman, penindasan yang dialami oleh kelas bawah. Para penulis yang sadar akan ketidakadilan sosial yang mereka terima. Dengan genre mereka berbeda dalam menulis artikel, cerita pendek, lagu, epigrams, puisi. Usia adalah novelis terbesar Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, Charlotte Bronte, Elizabeth Gaskell. Para penulis ini menggunakan novel sebagai sarana untuk memprotes kejahatan dalam kehidupan sosial dan ekonomi kontemporer dan membayangkan dunia dengan cara yang realistis. Kebesaran mereka juga terletak pada humanisme yang mendalam. Simpati mereka terletak pada orang-orang biasa. Mereka percaya pada kualitas yang baik dari hati manusia.
·         Budaya Refleksi dan perbandingannya
Di bidang kebudayaan, ada transisi dari era George menuju rasionalisme romantisme dan mistisisme berkaitan dengan agama, nilai-nilai sosial, dan seni. Transisi antara budaya artistik era Georgia dan Victoria, dari 'neoclassicism' to 'romantisme'. Ini adalah diamati untuk beberapa derajat dalam semua kebudayaan Barat selama paruh pertama abad ke-19. Tampaknya telah menjadi titik di mana rasionalitas dan ketertiban bisa pergi lebih jauh lagi.
Daerah lain untuk pertimbangan budaya fashion: masalah yang tampaknya sepele, tapi pernah menunjukkan perubahan sosial. Fitur khas pakaian laki-laki abad ke-18 telah digantikan dengan baik sebelum Era Victoria: wig menghilang sekitar pergantian abad, topi menggantikan tricorn, dan celana aielaamvpshawolexotic.blogspot.com/ panjang, setelah melestarikan pengrajin revolusioner, diganti lutut celana, memberikan penampilan yang lebih maskulin. Pakaian perempuan berubah drastis sekitar waktu yang sama: gaun tidak lagi besar dan rumit, tetapi sederhana dan ringan meniru model Yunani. James Laver mencatat bahwa 'mungkin tanpa periode antara zaman primitif dan tahun 1920 telah dipakai perempuan begitu sedikit ketika mereka memakai di tahun-tahun awal abad kesembilan belas.

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